Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

Tài liệu Giản lược mệnh đề quan hệ Tiếng Anh dưới đây nằm trong bộ đề Ôn tập Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh cơ bản mới nhất trên VnDoc.com. Tài liệu Tiếng Anh gồm 5 cách lược bỏ mệnh đề quan hệ khác nhau như: Rút gọn mệnh đề bằng cụm Cụm V-ing, cụm V-ed, To inf, cụm dạn từ, cụm tính từ, tính từ ghép hay cụm giới từ, ... và bài tập mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn có đáp án.

Infographic về Cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

A. Lý thuyết rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ là cách giản lược đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, which, that) và biến đổi động từ để câu văn ngắn gọn, tự nhiên hơn.

Điều kiện tiên quyết là đại từ quan hệ phải đóng vai trò làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ đó. Dưới đây là hướng dẫn chi tiết từng trường hợp kèm ví dụ cụ thể.

1. Dạng chủ động → Dùng hiện tại phân từ Ving

Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động, bạn lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ, bỏ trợ động từ (nếu có) và chuyển động từ chính về dạng \(V_{ing}\).

Công thức: ... + N + [who/which/that + V + O] + ...

→ ... + N + [V_ing + O] + ...

Ví dụ 1 (Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn):

Câu gốc: The man who is standing over there is my uncle.

Rút gọn: The man standing over there is my uncle.

Ví dụ 2 (Thì quá khứ đơn):

Câu gốc: Students who scored high marks received scholarships.

Rút gọn: Students scoring high marks received scholarships.

2. Dạng bị động → Dùng quá khứ phân từ V3/ed

Khi động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động, bạn lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ, lược bỏ động từ to-be và giữ nguyên động từ dạng V3/ed

Công thức: ... + N + [who/which/that + be + V3/ed] + ...

→ ... + N + [V3/ed] + ...

Ví dụ 1 (Thì quá khứ đơn bị động):

Câu gốc: The house which was built last year is very beautiful.

Rút gọn: The house built last year is very beautiful.

Ví dụ 2 (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành bị động):

Câu gốc: The rules that have been established by the school must be followed.

Rút gọn: The rules established by the school must be followed.

3. Dùng động từ nguyên mẫu có "To" 

Trường hợp này phức tạp hơn vì nó áp dụng cho cả câu chủ động lẫn bị động, dựa vào các từ tín hiệu đứng trước danh từ chính.

Dấu hiệu nhận biết

Danh từ đứng trước có các từ chỉ thứ tự: the first, the second, the last, the only.

Danh từ đứng trước đi kèm tính từ so sánh nhất (ví dụ: the tallest, the best).

Cách rút gọn

- Thể chủ động: Chuyển động từ thành to + V_inf.

Câu gốc: John was the last person who leaves the room.

Rút gọn: John was the last person to leave the room.

- Thể bị động: Chuyển động từ thành to be + V3/ed.

Câu gốc: This is the unique method that can be applied here.

Rút gọn: This is the unique method to be applied here.

💡 Lưu ý về "For + Tân ngữ"

Nếu chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề quan hệ khác nhau, bạn phải thêm for + tân ngữ trước to + V_inf.

Câu gốc: This is the only book that my son should read. (Chủ ngữ là This và my son).

Rút gọn: This is the only book for my son to read.

4. Dạng cụm danh từ, cụm tính từ, tính từ ghép hoặc cụm giới từ

Khi mệnh đề quan hệ có cấu trúc đại từ quan hệ + to-be + cụm danh từ / cụm tính từ / cụm giới từ, bạn chỉ cần lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ và to-be, giữ lại cụm phía sau.

- Cụm tính từ:

Câu gốc: The woman who is proud of her son smiled happily.

Rút gọn: The woman proud of her son smiled happily.

- Cụm giới từ (chỉ vị trí):

Câu gốc: The key which is on the desk belongs to me.

Rút gọn: The key on the desk belongs to me.

- Cụm danh từ (Đồng cách danh từ):

Câu gốc: Football, which is the most popular sport, is loved worldwide.

Rút gọn: Football, the most popular sport, is loved worldwide.

- Tính từ ghép:

Cách làm: Ta sẽ rút gọn mệnh đề thành một tính từ ghép bằng cách tìm trong mệnh đề một số đếm và danh từ đi sau nó, sau đó ta để chúng kế nhau và thêm dấu gạch nối ở giữa. Đem tính từ ghép đó ra trước danh từ đứng truớc who, which…- những phần còn lại bỏ hết.

Câu gốc: I have a car which has four seats

Rút gọn: I have a four-seat car.

Câu gốc: I had a holiday which lasted two days

Rút gọn: I had a two-day holiday.

5. Biến đổi động từ "Have" thành giới từ "With/Without"

Khi mệnh đề quan hệ dùng động từ have để diễn tả đặc điểm sở hữu, ngoại hình, bạn có thể thay bằng giới từ with (nếu có) hoặc without (nếu không có).

Động từ Have (khẳng định) → Đổi thành With (có, cùng với).

Động từ Have not / Don't have / Doesn't have (phủ định) → Đổi thành Without (không có). [1, 2]

Câu gốc: The boy who has a red cap is my brother.

Rút gọn: The boy with a red cap is my brother.

Câu gốc: People who don't have tickets cannot enter.

Rút gọn: People without tickets cannot enter.

❌ 3 lỗi sai kinh điển cần tránh khi làm bài

- Rút gọn khi đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ:

Sai: The house buying by my dad is big. (Gốc: The house which my dad bought → which là tân ngữ, không được biến đổi động từ thành buying, chỉ có thể lược bỏ đại từ: The house my dad bought is big).

- Nhầm lẫn giữa chủ động và bị động:

Sai: The project carrying out next week is important.

Đúng: The project to be carried out next week is important. (Dự án phải được thực hiện).

- Quên đổi động từ về nguyên mẫu trước khi thêm -ing:

Sai: The girl haved a doll...

→ Đúng: The girl having a doll...

B. Phương pháp làm bài tập Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

Khi học thì ta học từ dễ đến khó nhưng khi làm bài thì ngược lại phải suy luận từ khó đến dễ.

Bước 1:

- Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chỗ nào

Bước này cũng dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO, WHICH, THAT…

Bước 2 :

Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ, tuy nhiên cách suy luận cũng phải theo thứ tự nếu không sẽ làm sai.

Ví dụ:

This is the first man who was arrested by police yesterday.

Mới nhìn ta thấy đây là câu bị động ,nếu vội vàng thì sẽ dễ dàng biến nó thành :

This is the first man arrested by police yesterday sai

Nhưng đáp án đúng phải là :

This is the first man to be arrested by police yesterday đúng

Lưu ý:

1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công thức IV.

2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trước who which… có các dấu hiệu first ,only…v..v không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức III (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không ( để dùng for sb )

3 .Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng VING hay P.P.

C. Bài tập Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ có đáp án

Bài 1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases:

1. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?

2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.

3. The children who attend that school receive a good education

4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.

5. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

6. They live in the house that was built in 1890.

7. The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica.

8. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle.

9. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.

10. George is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the convention.

Bài 2. Replace the underlined clauses by an infinitive or infinitive phrase:

1. I don’t like him playing in the street. I wish we had a garden that he could play in

2. He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who leaves.

3. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights.

4. The first man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

5. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.

Bài 3. REWRITE THE RELATIVE CLAUSES BY USING PHRASES

1. The man who’s talking to the policeman has just returned home from Paris.

2. The novel which was bought by my sister is very interesting.

3. The students who make noise in class will be punished.

4. Passengers who travelled on this bus bought their tickets in books.

5. Do you see the notice which warns people not to enter the military zone?

6. The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

7. We had a river in which we could swim.

8. You are the last person who saw her alive.

9. The pilot was the only one who survived the air crash.

10. He was the second man who was killed in this way.

11. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.

12. Here are some accounts that you must check.

13. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.

14. I have some letters that I must write.

15. He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.

16. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde.

17. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

18. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital city of Malaysia, is a major trade center in Southeast Asia.

19. Emma Thompson is the most famous actress who will appear on stage here.

20. We have some picture books that children can read.

21. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.

Bài 4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

1.The man who is standing there is a clown.

2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.

3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.

4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.

6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.

7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.

8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.

9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.

10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.

11. The street which leads to the school is very wide.

12. The system which is used here is very successful.

13. John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor.

14. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.

15. The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam.

16. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.

17. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.

18. The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt.

19. My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm.

20. The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.

Bài 5. Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses

1. I was the only one who realized him.

2. I have some homework which I must do tonight.

3. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.

4. I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel.

5. There are six reports which have to be typed today.

Bài 6. Bài tập rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

1.The man who is standing there is a clown.

2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.

3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.

4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.

6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.

7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.

8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.

9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.

10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.

11. The street which leads to the school is very wide.

12. The system which is used here is very successful.

13. John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor.

14. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.

15. The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam.

16. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.

17. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.

18. The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt.

19. My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm.

20. The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.

Bài 7. Complete the sentences with a verb from the first box in participle form together with an expression from the second.

find · chat · stand · pile out · wag · be involved · play · be most interested

in the robbery · with the yoyo · on the phone · of the cinema · on the street

its tail · at the bus stop · in buying

1. The woman _______________ was in a hurry so she hailed a taxi.

2. I think the dog _______________is a Jack Russel.

3. The crowds _______________looked very happy.

4. The people _______________our house were the Joneses.

5. The men _______________have all been arrested.

6. The wallet _______________was handed in to the police.

7. The girl over there _______________ is the new secretary.

8. The young boy _______________ is my brother.

Bài 8. Rewrite the sentences, where possible replacing the underlined relative clauses with their shortest possible forms.

1. The woman who is talking to your mother is my aunt.

2. The man who is standing by the window is my uncle.

3. All those who do not need to buy tickets please go straight in.

4. The first vineyard which I ever saw was in Germany.

5. Wikipedia, which was launched in 2001, is one of the great internet successes.

6. Animals which share the savannah include wildebeest and gazelles.

7. All the candidates who were selected were given a second interview.

8. All those who passed the test were given a second interview

9. LOL, which stands for Laughing Out Loud, is now in the OED.

10. The bouquet was made from flowers which were grown locally.

11. This the man who I was talking to you about.

12. The man who won yesterday's lottery lives next door.

Bài 9. Chọn đáp án đúng cho các câu sau:

1. The laptop ______ works better.

A. to repair

B. repaired

C. repairing

2. The woman ______ a blue dress is our new teacher.

A. to wear

B. wore

C. wearing

3. Meet the employee______ that conference room.

A. to sit

B. sat

C. sitting

4. Here is the book for you ______.

A. to read

B. read

C. reading

5. That is a big decision ______ about.

A. to think

B. thought

C. thinking

Bài 10. Tìm lỗi sai trong các câu sau.

1. The skirt buying by my sister is beautiful.

2. The boy played basketball over there is my brother.

3. I want to buy things making in Vietnam.

4. I made these cup cakes for kids eating.

5. People have a VVIP account can have 15% discount.

Bài 11. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence.

1. I am writing in connection with the volunteer opportunities ____ on 10 November.

A. appeared

B. which appearing

C. to appear

D. appearing

2. Jackson is the most good-looking boy ____________ to this school.

A. to come

B. coming

C. has come

D. comes

3. We stood on the bridge ____________ the two small towns of the London.

A. connected

B. was connecting

C. connecting

D. connects

4.The woman ____________ in the hall expected to make a phone call.

A. waiting

B. was waiting

C. had been waiting

D. waited

5. The conference ____________ by non-governmental organizations was about globalization.

A. plans

B. planning

C. planned

D. is planning

6. Peter is the youngest person to ____________ part in the race.

A. take

B. taken

C. takes

D. taking

7. The books ____________ by William Shakespeare are interesting.

A. writes

B. writing

C. written

D. wrote

8. He was the only student to ____________ there at the time.

A. have been living

B. live

C. have lived

D. living

9. He was the second man ____________ in this way.

A. killing

B. was killed

C. to have been killed

D. to be killed

10. He was the first man_________ into the moon.

A.to fly

B. flew

C. has been flew

D. fly

Bài 12. Rewrite the following sentences by using reduced relative clauses if possible.

1. I need something that I can put out the fire with.

_________________________________________________________.

2. There’s a hurricane outside which is strong enough to rip trees from the ground.

_________________________________________________________.

3. The glacier which is next to the mainland is moving quickly.

_________________________________________________________.

4. The woman who is talking about climate change is a professor from the USA.

_________________________________________________________.

5. The man who fell down on the floor was a worker at the factory

_________________________________________________________.

6. The rain which was pouring down like tropical rain devastated the sports facilities

_________________________________________________________.

Bài 13. Reduced relative clauses exercise.

1. That woman who is talking to my wife is our local Member of Parliament.

That woman _____________________________

2. Trees which fell in the storm have resulted in several accidents.

Trees _____________________________

3. The boy who was knocked off his bicycle broke his leg.

The boy _____________________________

4. The students who will be selected tomorrow will be offered a scholarship.

The students _____________________________

5. The people who were sitting at the back couldn't hear.

The people _____________________________

6. The athlete who has won the most races is chosen as the Victor Ludorum.

The athlete _____________________________

7. The man who I saw was big.

The man _____________________________

Bài 14. Rewrite the sentence.

1. The man who Is sitting next to you is my uncle.

______________________________________________

2. Do you know the man who asked me the way to the bank?

______________________________________________

3. The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.

______________________________________________

4. She was the last person that was interviewed this morning.

______________________________________________

5. She is the most suitable person who can take on this job.

______________________________________________

6. There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food.

______________________________________________

7. Here is the form that you must fill in.

______________________________________________

8. Mrs Flora, who is a rich businesswoman, will sponsor our competition.

______________________________________________

Bài 15. Rewrite each sentence with a reduced relative clause based on the clue in parentheses

E.g.: The man is in the living room (the man is wearing a blue shirt).

=> The man wearing a blue shirt is in the living room.

1. She found the keys (the keys were lost).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

2. They bought a car (the car has a sunroof).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

3. We visited a restaurant (the restaurant serves Italian cuisine).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

4. He fixed the bike (the bike had a flat tire).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

5. She read a book (the book was written by a famous author).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

6. They adopted a cat (the cat was abandoned).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

7. We watched a movie (the movie was directed by Steven Spielberg).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

8. He ate an apple (the apple was delicious).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

9. She wore a dress (the dress was made of silk).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

10. They visited a museum (the museum has ancient artifacts).

⇒ .…………………………………………………………………

Bài 16. Dùng cấu trúc rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ để viết lại câu

1. The man who is performing on stage is a clown.

2. The book which is on the table has no stamp.

3. Benzene which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the production of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.

4. My grandfather, who was old and sick, never left the house.

5. The student did not know how to do the homework which was assigned by the teacher yesterday.

6. The man who lives next door to my grandmother is a famous singer.

7. All students who do not submit the test will fail the upcoming exam.

Bài 17. Khoanh vào các câu chứa mệnh đề đã được rút gọn đúng theo ngữ pháp:

1. My friends who are studying in Italy will be at the party.

A. My friends who studying in Italy will be at the party.

B. My friends studying in Italy will be at the party.

C. My studying in Italy friends will be at the party.

2. The students who study at our school come from all over the world.

A. The studying students at our school from all over the world.

B. The students studying at our school come from all over the world.

C. The studying at our school students come from all over the world.

3. The cake that was selected came from an Italian bakery.

A. The that selected cake came from an Italian bakery.

B. The cake selected came from an Italian bakery.

C. The cake was selected came from an Italian bakery.

4. Seattle, which is famous for its seafood, is a beautiful city.

A. Seattle famous for it's seafood is a beautiful city.

B. Seattle, famous for its seafood, is a beautiful city.

C. Seattle is famous for its seafood is a beautiful city.

5. The towels that are on the chair can be used in the club showers.

A. The on the chair towels can be used in the club showers.

B. The towels on the chair can be used in the club showers.

C. The chaired towels can be used in the club showers.

Bài 18. Rewrite each sentence with a reduced relative clause.

1. The man who is sitting next to your sister is a famous actor.

→ _________________________________________________________

2. The emails which were sent by the manager contained important updates.

→ _________________________________________________________

3. Neil Armstrong was the first human who walked on the moon.

→ _________________________________________________________

4. The students who didn't follow the school rules were punished.

→ _________________________________________________________

5. The toys which are on the top shelf belong to my little brother.

→ _________________________________________________________

6. She is the youngest athlete who won a gold medal at this competition.

→ _________________________________________________________

7. Do you know the woman who has a blue dress?

→ _________________________________________________________

8. The bridge which is being built across the river will open next month.

→ _________________________________________________________

9. Here is the list of topics that you must prepare for the exam.

→ _________________________________________________________

10. The laptop which was stolen yesterday has not been found yet.

→ _________________________________________________________

Trên đây là toàn bộ nội dung của tài liệu Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ, hy vọng đây là tài liệu học tập hữu ích dành cho quý phụ huynh, thầy cô và các em học sinh.